A man marrying a man in Pine Grove, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in 1931? That’s what the above photograph represents. In the same year, it also happened in Lykens, Tremont, Elizabethville, and Williamstown.
Actually, the Womanless Wedding was a staged comedy of the Sympson Levie Company of Bardstown, Kentucky, licensed to be performed in local communities with an all-male cast of local “talent.” The above photo was taken at the Pine Grove production in May, 1931. It is the only known photograph of a Lykens Valley area production. It appeared in the Pine Grove newspaper’s “Down Memory Lane” feature on February 5, 1976 along with the following caption:
Recognize any of these people? We can give you a a few hints. You’ll find Danny Brommer in the group and Sam Martin – and we’ll even tell you this much – the bride in the “Womanless Wedding” was the late Ed Kastner. The even which took place in the late twenties [sic] – probably in the old Methodist Church in Pine Grove – left lasting memories. Clark Snyder, who loaned this photo to the Press-Herald, pointed out that it represents an enormous sense of people working together for a project, as all of the men and boys of all church denominations in this photo prove. Snyder believes it would be a wonderful thing if that spirit of cooperation could be revived in this year of the local celebrations of our Nation’s Bicentennial.
But the “Memory Lane” column got it wrong. The Womanless Wedding actually occurred in 1931. Reports in local newspapers of the time indicated that it was first performed in Lykens in February, followed by Tremont in March, Pine Grove in April, Elizabethville in September, and finally Williamstown in December. Although mostly sponsored by church groups, the plays actually took place in the local high school auditoriums, except for the Lykens performance which took place at the Moose Hall.
The original play, The Womanless Wedding, was written by Mrs. James W. Hunt, about whom not much is known. It was first published in 1918 by the Eldridge Entertainment House of Franklin, Ohio. There were about 30 parts identified in the script, with the instruction, “other characters may be introduced, if desired.”
There was one Black character who was identified in the original script as “Aunt Africa.” Her lines were in dialect, with such phrases as “they ain’t gwine to be no cake.” In the Lykens Valley area productions, the part becomes “Negro Mammy,” who appears in black-face in the Pine Grove photo in the second row, just to the right of center. The “Bad Boys” or “Bad Brothers” are not in the original script; they are the two young men in black-face in the front row. A Jewish character was also added – “Ikey Rosenstein,” who is identified with the “Bad Boys.” When the play was performed in Lykens, the rural folk who were mocked were identified as from Gratz. When the play was performed in Tremont, the rural folk were said to be from Rausch Creek. It’s hard to say whether the men who were playing women were enjoying expressing their “feminine” side, or whether they were making fun of those men in the community whose mannerisms did not conform to gender norms.
Because prominent individuals in the community, including ministers of the Gospel, were playing the roles that mocked social status and minorities, their performances were considered to be acceptable and funny.
Following here are the articles from the local newspapers in 1931 describing each of the five performances. Unfortunately, cast lists are available for only three of the performances.
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From the Lykens Standard, February 20 1931:
TO STAGE WEDDING
Final arrangements were completed this week whereby the well-known comedy the Womanless Wedding will be produced in this town the first week of March. The director is expected the last of the week and if we may depend on the reports from the cities where the play has been recently given production it will be the funniest play ever given in this community. The cast is composed entirely of men, many unusual characters and also many beautiful gowns plus makeup will surprise our townspeople of what our men may do. Tickets will be placed on sale the first of the week and a complete sell out is predicted.
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From the Elizabethville Echo, February 26, 1931:
80 MEN IN WOMANLESS WEDDING CAST
Plans are now well under way and everything is being put in readiness for the big home talent show, The Womanless Wedding, to be given Thursday and Friday evenings, March 5th and 6th in the Moose Hall, Lykens.
Eighty men of that community comprise the cast, unique because there is not one female member, and it promises to be one scream of laughter from start to finish.
My the magic touch of powder, rouge and lipstick, mere men will be transformed into stately matrons, vamping flappers and charming ladies as staid and professional men are “dolled up” in evening gowns, high-heeled slippers, picture hats and blond wigs.
Many theatre-goers are already planning to attend this spectacular fun fest which is guaranteed to make the old laugh young and young laugh “until their sides ache.”
The Methodist Church of Lykens is sponsoring the play, tickets for which will go on sale at the Blanning hardware Store in Lykens, Tuesday, March 3rd.
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From the Lykens Standard, February 27, 1931:
WOMANLESS WEDDING AT MOOSE THEATRE MARCH 5 AND 6
Plans are now well underway and everything is being put in readiness for the big home talent play, The Womanless Wedding to be given Thursday and Friday nights, March 5 and 6, in the Moose Theatre, Lykens. Eighty local men will take part, not a woman in the cast, and it promises to be one of the funniest, most entertaining and delightful home talents ever staged in Lykens. From now on the business men of the town may be seen in the offices or business places discussing their new evening gowns, high heeled slippers, feather fan, picture hats, and other things heretofore unknown to interest the male species. The play is positively one roar of laughter from start to finish. If you can’t laugh, don’t come.
Reserved seats on sale Tuesday morning, March 3rd at Blanning’s hardware store.
The all-star cast headed by J. D. Edmunds as leading lady, follows:
- Butler – Joe Lester
- Punch Girls – Dr. E. L. Snyder, Ben Jones
- Present Takers – H. S. Kolva, Mart Flynn
- Bride’s Weeping Mother – J. A. Bogar
- Bride’s Comforting Father – W. H. Cooper
- Bad Little Brothers – Arthur Helt, Lee Saltzer
- Ikey Rosenstein – Wellington O’Gorek
- Old Maid Aunt – John Fetterhoff
- Bride’s Grandfather – R. W. Day
- Bride’s Grandmother – C. A. Rettinger
- Charlie Chaplain – John Hoffman
- Uncle from Gratz – Wesley Orndorff
- Aunt from Gratz – Eli Gething
- Groom’s Uncle – Paul Werner
- Groom’s Uncle – Joe Romberger
- Twin Sisters – W. E. Freer, Dr. H. A. Shaffer
- Mary Pickford – Wilson Dodd
- Groom’s Haughty Mother – J. M. Sheibley
- Fashion Plate – Harvey Batdorf
- Sis Hopkins – John Snyder
- Country Cousin – George Doneker
- Thomas A. Edison – C. W. Keiser
- Mrs. Edison – Paul R. Yeager
- Pat O’Grady – Ross Higgins
- Rosie O’Grady – W. E. Davey
- Henpecked Husband – Clarence Minnich
- His Devoted Wife – Alfred Marsden
- President Hoover – William Evans
- Mrs. Hoover – Dr. T. F. Drum
- Negro Mammy – Howard Meinhardt
- Baby Sister – Edward Trout
- Rastus – A. R. Spangler
- Bride’s Uncle – Harvey Helt
- Bride’s Aunt – Roy Barrett
- Sir Harry Lauder – Floyd Reese
- Kentucky Colonel – Dr. I. A. Keiter
- His Lady – Walter Snyder
- 1931 Flapper – William Dietrich
- Mr. Vanderbilt – Don Collister
- Jay Gould – William H. Blanning
- Mrs. Gould – Roy Walters
- Village School Marm – John Kniley
- Gen. Pershing – Stephen Sheesley
- Col. Lindbergh – Walter Myers
- Theda Bara – Mark Matter
- John D. Rockefeller – A. B. Minnich
- Mrs. Rockefeller – C. E. Swalm
- Henry Ford – Prof. F. E. Shambaugh
- Mrs. Ford – Ben Keen
- Galli-Curci – Arthur Bateman
The Wedding Party
- Groomsmen – Edgar Barrett, Justin Keiser, Vernon Miller, William Seip, Howard Bowman, Frank Troutman, George Ramsey
- Page – L. C. Schaffstall
- Bishop – Harry Davis
- Best Man – Roy Schaffstall
- Bridesmaids – Robert Shomper, Raymond Steever, William Blanning, John Geist, Marlin Miller
- Maid of Honor – Paul Aucker
- Matron of Honor – Dean Snyder
- Ring Bearer – Floyd Schoffstall
- Flower Girls – Ralph Day, Arthur Flynn
- Bride – J. D. Edmonds
- Groom – Guess Who?
- Train Bearer – William Graeff
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From the West Schuylkill Herald, February 27, 1931:
80 LOCAL MEN IN WOMANLESS WEDDING AT LYKENS
Plans are now well under way and everything is being put in readiness for the big home talent show, the Womanless Wedding, to be given Thursday and Friday, March 5-6, at Moose Theatre, Lykens. Eighty men from Tower City, Williamstown and Lykens will take part – not a woman in the cast – and it promises to be one scream from start to finish. By the magic touch of powder, rouge and lipstick mere men will be transformed into stately matrons, vamping flappers, and charming ladies. Can you imagine staid business and professional men “dolled up” in evening gowns, high heeled shoes, picture hats and blonde wigs?
Plan now to attend this big spectacular fun feast which is guaranteed to make to old laugh young, and young laugh until their sides ache.
The Methodist Church of Lykens is sponsoring the play.
Reserve seat sale opens Tuesday, March 3rd , at Blanning’s Hardware Store, Lykens.
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From the Lykens Standard, March 6, 1931:
WOMANLESS WEDDING DRAWS LARGE AUDIENCE
Capacity audience was in attendance a the Womanless Wedding, a comedy which was presented in the Moose hall of this place [Lykens] last night.
The play is a distinctly different type home talent production, refreshingly novel and crfammed full of the most humorous situations. Lykens men in the roles of vamping flappers, dignified matrons, austere spinsters and mischievous young girls filled the roles admirably leading many to remark that “men are as beautiful as women when properly made up.”
The Womanless Wedding is the story of a full-fledged society wedding with its many notable quests including even the president of the United States and his wife; Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ford; Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller; [Amelita] Galli-Curci; Mary Pickford; Theda Bara; Charles Chaplain, and others. All bring gifts and a number of characters appear in songs, dances and stunts before being seated.
The English butler adds a touch of the aristocratic to the event, announcing each guest before his arrival.
The Womanless Wedding lives up to the advertising put up before its presentation as “it is a continuous roar of laughter from start to finish and if you can’t laugh, don’t come.”
The name of the groom was withheld until the time of his appearance on the stage. Considerable surprise was evoked when it was learned that Clyde Clapsaddle was cast in the part.
The performance will be repeated this evening and another capacity house is expected. There are a few choice reserved seats left. General admission seats may be had at the door. Show starts at 8:30.
The play is being sponsored by the Lykens Methodist Church and is produced by the Sympson Levie Company, of Bardstown, Kentucky.
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From the West Schuylkill Press & Pine Grove Herald, March 20, 1931:
WOMANLESS WEDDING WILL BE STAGED HERE
The Men’s Brotherhood of the Lutheran Church of Tremont have secured the services of the Sympson Levic Production Company, of Bardstown, Kentucky, to stage The Womanless Wedding, which has been put on so successfully in our neighboring towns. The dates will be April 23 and 24.
The play is a riot of fun, so remembering the dates, and plan to see the funniest play ever witnessed. Many prominent local business men will be invited to take part.
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From the Pine Grove Press-Herald, “45-Years-Ago” feature, April 1, 1976 [1931]:
The Men’s Brotherhood of the Lutheran Church of Tremont have secured the services of the Sympson Levie Production Company of Kentucky to stage The Womanless Wedding which has been put on so successfully in nearby towns. The play is a riot of fun and many prominent businessmen will be invited to take part.
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From the West Schuylkill Press & Pine Grove Herald, April 17, 1931:
THE WOMANLESS WEDDING WILL BE A HUGE COMEDY
Gorgeous, is the Womanless Wedding and more. It is magnificent, beautiful and best of all brimful of old fashioned humor. It is pleasing to every member of the family; not highbrow, yet pitched in a high class clean mirth provoking plane.
It is really marvelous to behold in its dazzling, glittering and spectacular form, thus you may expect the Womanless Wedding, which is sponsored by the Men’s Brotherhood of the Lutheran Church and presented by Sympson Levie Company of Bardstown, Kentucky and made up of a cast of seventy-five local men, to be the best production ever presented to a Tremont audience.
The dates of the show are April 23 and 24 and will be staged at Tremont High School auditorium. Reserved seats will go on sale Tuesday A. M. April 21st at 9 o’clock at Tremont Hardware. Part of the proceeds will go to the Civil Club relief Fund, so let us see everyone at this big show.
Regular rehearsals are being held and everything is being made ready for the big event.
The play has been given throughout this vicinity and packed houses greeted all performances.
Miss Ann F. McKenna of Minneapolis is directing the production.
Cast of characters follows:
- Butler – R. W. Zerbe
- Punch Girls – John White, Arthur Bernd
- Present Takers – Wilbur Brown, Glenn Miller
- Bride’s Weeping Mother – George Leininger
- Bride’s Comforting Father – Harry D. Dimon
- Bad Boys – W. F. Constantine, W. F. Long
- Ikey Rosenstein – Edwin Kreis
- Old Maid Aunt – Arthur Buch
- Bride’s Grandmother – J. Ellis Tobias
- Bride’s Grandfather – Harper Brown
- Charlie Chaplin – Christ Leidich
- Uncle from Rausch Creek – Charles Kleibenstein
- Aunt from Rausch Creek – Charles Bailer
- Twin Sisters – William Ney, Gurney Seitz
- Mary Pickford – Luther Linn
- Groom’s Haughty Mother – E. A. Keiser
- Groom’s Haughty Father – Ira Peterson
- Fashion Plate – Oscar L. Artz
- Country Cousin – R. S. Davies
- John D. Rockefeller – Harry Minnich
- Mrs. Rockefeller – Oliver Ramberger
- Sis Hopkins – Walter Scheipe
- Pat O’Grady – Paul Schick
- Rosie O’Gradie – R. H. Imschweiler
- Flapper of 1931 – Lewis Hastie
- Sir Harry Lauder – Dr. G. V. Kalb
- Henpecked Husband – Joe Williams
- His Devoted Wife – Clarence Williams
- Annie Laurie – Thomas Lyons
- Bride’s Uncle – Rev. R. A. Kline
- Bride’s Aunt – R. D. Leidich
- President Hoover – J. J. Quickley
- Mrs. Hoover – C. E. Chaffee
- Negro Mammy – Dan G. Kleibenstein
- Bride’s Baby Sister – T. F. Madden
- J. Pierpont Morgan – H. O. Smith
- Mrs. Morgan – R. G. Hatter
- Jay Gould – H. J. Imschweiler
- Mrs. Gould – Roy M. Evert
- Kentucky Colonel – Harry Wigmore
- His Lady – S. B. Creveling
- Village School Marm – John Goodman
- Gen. John J. Pershing – Frank Wolfe
- Col Charles A. Lindbergh – Paul Krise
- Theda Bara – F. O. Evans
- Thomas Edison – E. W. Ruppert
- Cornelius Vanderbilt – H. M. Ney
- Galli-Curci – Franklin Miller
- Page – Charles Mease
- Groomsmen – R. W. Lehmier, G. Osman, Charles Brassington, Aaron Kimmel, Edward Davis, Moses Davis, John Neiswender
- Best Man – R. Derr
- Bridesmaids – Robert Bonawitz, Leonard Neal, Charles Huntzinger, Clyde Fisher
- Matron of Honor – Herman Mutschler
- Maid of Honor – Willis Loeb
- Flower Girls – Leonard Barr, Russell Davis
- Ring Bearer – Randall Zerbe
- Bride – George F. Searer
- Groom – Guess Who ? ? ?
- Train Bearers – Irvin Keeney, Roy Straub
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From the Pine Grove Press-Herald, “45-Years-Ago” feature, May 6, 1976 {1931]:
Last night the cast of the Womanless Wedding in Tremont under the direction of Miss Ann F. McKenna, presented a comedy which was considered funnier by far than any other comedy ever presented in this vicinity by either local or professional talent. The auditorium was filled to capacity and if anyone in the immense audience left last night without having laughed, there cannot be anything funny enough on earth to make them laugh.
The entire cast did exceptionally well and it is doubtful whether any single part stood out as being the only real hit of the show. However a number of parts received more applause and laughter and these deserve honorable mention.
“The Bride’s Weeping Mother,” played by George Leininger was an outstanding laughmaker and “The Bad Boys,” William Long and Fred Constantine and “Ikey Rosenstein” by Edwin Kreis were extremely funny.
“The Fashion Plate” played by Oscar L. Artz was an excellent impersonation and received much applause and “Sis Hopkins” by Walter Scheipe also deserves more than casual mention. “Kentucky Colonel” played by Harry Wigmore and “His Lady” by S. B. Creveling acted their part to perfection and Dr. G. V. Kalb as “Sir Harry Lauder” impersonated that man from Scotland very deftly, his role being a more serious one. “Madame Calli-Curci” impersonated by Franklin Miller brought sighs of approval for her stunning and beautiful costume, this also was a more serious role. “The Groom” whose name was to be a secret, but since there are no secrets in small towns, the audience knew beforehand that the lucky gentleman was L. T. Jones. His beautiful and blushing and corpulent bride was George Searer.
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From the Pine Grove Press-Herald, May 8, 1931:
ALL ABOARD FOR THE WOMANLESS WEDDING
Plans are now under way and everything is being put in readiness for the big home talent show, the Womanless Wedding, to be given next Thursday and Friday nights, May 14 and 15, at the [Pine Grove] High School Auditorium.
Seventy local men will take part, not a woman in the case and it promises to be one of the funniest, most entertaining and delightful home talents ever staged in Pine Grove. By the magic touch of powder, rouge and lipstick mere men will be transformed into vamping flappers, stately matrons and charming ladies.
The Womanless Wedding has been staged in many neighboring towns this season and glowing reports have come from these towns where packed houses greeted the performance both nights. The play is a bit of good old fashioned humor that will make the old laugh young and the young laugh until their sides ache: if you can’t laugh, don’t come.
The production is being sponsored by the Ladies’ Aid of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
Decorating Committee – Mrs. Elmer J. Koch; Mrs. William E. Zerbe; Mrs. Charles Werner; Mrs. Calvin Neal; Mrs. Hattie Gehring.
Advertising Committee – George W. Gensemer; C. F. Anderson; Ralph Aungst; Joseph Neal; John Hommes; Miles Zerbe; H. F. Reber.
Costume Committee – Mrs. Slater Yocum; Mrs. Emma Miller; Mrs. W. VanHorn; Mrs. Fred Clark; Mrs. J. W. Barto; Mrs. J. Neal; Mrs. Mabel Lehman.
Cast Committee – Miss Marion Barto; Mrs. George W. Gensemer; Mrs. Minnie Workman; Mrs. Norman D. Reber.
Finance Committee – Messrs. Mark Haldeman; Elmer J. Koch; William E. Zerbe; Robert Albert; and Norman D. Reber.
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From the Pine Grove Press-Herald, May 15, 1931:
Womanless Wedding this Thursday and Friday evenings. Do not miss it.
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From the Pine Grove Press-Herald, May 22, 1931:
A flash light photograph of the local cast, who took part in the Womanless Wedding play is on display in the show window of the Schwalm Store.
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From the Elizabethville Echo, September 3, 1931:
GIVE WOMANLESS WEDDING SEPTEMBER 9-10
Elizabethville society is all aflutter with expectancy over the funniest event of the social season, The Womanless Wedding, which will take place in the high school auditorium Wednesday and Thursday evenings, September 9th and 10th. Between sixty and eighty men will take part.
Can you imagine our local men transformed by magic touch of lipstick, rouge and eyebrow pencil, suddenly becoming beautiful girls, charming debutantes, stately matrons and vamping flappers? The only way to believe it is to see it. It is a scream, you laugh from the rise of the curtain until the final chorus.
The show, is being sponsored by the Women’s Auxiliary of Salem’s reformed Church, whose members appreciate the whole-hearted response of the male folk of the entire community.
At the general meeting at the high school Thursday evening at 7:30 o’clock, the director, Miss Helen Sharpe, will announce the cast and parts will be selected. All men interested are urged to be present.
To date, the following men have signified their willingness to help. Many other names will be added later.
C. V. Erdman; M. H. Zerfing; E. W. Snyder; Guy Lenker; Arthur J. Hoffner; J. Kent Hassinger; Dr. W. L. Stevenson; Allen Wise; John H. Lyter; S. E. Snyder; Percy Swab; S. C. Shutt; Ed Culp; Russell Botts; G. W. Botts; J. R. Edwards; Miles V. Miller; William Laudermilch; Dr. E. L. Steever; Clair Smeltzer; C. H. Snyder; M. A. Miller; Harry Bowman; J. C. Deibler; H. M. Miller; Kenneth Wise; Ralph Lehman; Earl Romberger; David P. Baker; S. H. Knisely; Glenn W. Arnold; E. G. Rusker; Thomas H. Kissinger; Ed F. Uhler; James F. Hoffner; A. W. Schlegel; john M. Kratzer; A. L. Baker; Fred Keaffer; Thomas Whitcomb; D. F. Smeltzer; Joseph Dodd; D. L. Knohr; C. E. Bordner; Rev. C. F. Wehr; Harvey Batdorf; Roy Batdorf; Frederick Schreffler; John F. Wise; Elmer Lubold; Mark Zerfing; Blair Keaffer; W. F. Swab; Eldred E. Swab; Thomas Umholtz; Donald Weaver; C. L. Hoke; Edward Romberger; W. A. Keefer.
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From the Elizabethville Echo, September 10, 1931:
WOMANLESS WEDDING SCORES HIT
The [Elizabethville] High School auditorium was crowded to capacity for the first night’s presentation of The Womanless Wedding last evening. The production will be presented for the second time this evening.
Between sixty and seventy local people comprise the cast directed by Miss Sharp. It is presented under the auspices of the Ladies Auxiliary of the Reformed Church.
Specialty numbers are well received and the entire play presents comedy from rise to fall of curtain.
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From the Elizabethville Echo, September 17, 1931:
BIG ATTENDANCE FOR WOMANLESS WEDDING
Crowded houses last Wednesday and Thursday evenings marked The Womanless Wedding a great success.
The play was presented by the Ladies’ Auxiliary of Salem’s Reformed Church and was produced under the direction of Miss Sharpe. About sixty characters, and with several exceptions, all local men, participated.
Of course, the bride and groom were the most prominent. In reviewing the players, one cannot be found who failed to present a “hilarious” interpretation of his role.
Members of the Auxiliary wish to express their sincere appreciation to those who participated and to all others, who in any way, helped to bring it the success it received.
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From the Lykens Standard, December 4, 1931:
WILLIAMSTOWN TO STAGE WOMANLESS WEDDING
The usual fun and enthusiasm is being created in Williamstown over the Womanless wedding, a home talent play in which 80 local businessmen will participate. The play is being sponsored by the younger Men’s Bible Class of the Methodist Episcopal Church and will be given December 7 and 8 in the Williamstown High School Auditorium.
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From the West Schuylkill Herald, December 4, 1931:
WILLIAMSTOWN TO SPONSOR WOMANLESS WEDDING
Much interest in being created in Williamstown over a stunt which is to take place at the High School Auditorium , December 7 and 8. It is to be a Womanless Wedding. Not a woman in the cast – all men! In fact 80 of the local business men will participate in this rib-rattling comedy.
Can you imagine our business men by magic touch of lipstick, rouge and eye-brow pencil, suddenly becoming beautiful girls, charming debutantes, stately matrons, and vamping flappers? The only way to believe it is to see it.
It is a clean, wholesome bit of old fashioned humor that is said to make the old laugh young again, and the young laugh until their sides ache. In other words it is declared to be one continuous roar of laughter.
The play is being sponsored by the younger Men’s Bible class of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The price of general admission will be 50 cents. Reserved seats will go on sale at Snyder’s store room, Saturday, December 5, at 8 A. M.
Folks are urged to see one of the most spectacular weddings ever witnessed at Williamstown. Remember the dates – Monday and Tuesday evenings, December 7 and 8 at the High School Auditorium.
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This post is part of a series in which news articles, photographs and other “memorabilia” are presented to show how “black-face” was infused into the culture of the Lykens Valley area. Readers are invited to submit photos and recollections on how long this offensive “entertainment” lasted and what locals thought of it as part of the culture of the area. Typically, white men and women blackened their faces, and performed while emphasizing negative stereotypical behavior that they attributed to African Americans. The primary purpose was to get laughs. The practice was supported by prominent people in the community and often found its way into events sponsored by churches and schools. For other posts, see: Black-Face.
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The original script for The Womanless Wedding can be accessed at the Internet Archive. The cover is reproduced above.
News articles and photo from Newspapers.com.
Corrections and additional information should be added as comments to this post.
[African American]